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Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner
Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner (8 November 1834, Berlin – 25 April 1882, Leipzig) was a German astrophysicist who studied optical illusions.
==Biography==
From 1872 he held the chair of astrophysics at Leipzig University. He wrote numerous papers on photometry and spectrum analysis in Poggendorff's ''Annalen'' and ''Berichte der k. sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften'', two works on celestial photometry (''Grundzüge einer allgemeinen Photometrie des Himmels'', Berlin, 1861, 4to, and ''Photometrische Unterstuchungen'', Leipzig, 1865, 8vo), and a curious book, ''Ueber die Natur der Cometen'' (Leipzig, 1872, 3rd ed. 1883).
He discovered the Zöllner illusion where lines that are parallel appear diagonal. He also successfully proved Christian Doppler's theory on the effect of motion of the color of stars, and the resulting shift of absorption lines, via the invention of a very sensitive spectroscope which he named "Reversionspectroscope". He had shown also that the red-shift was in addition caused by variation in the stars' lights intensities with the help of his "Astrophotometer".〔Anton Pannekoek ''A history of astronomy'' 1989, p. 385〕 He made the first measurement of the Sun's apparent magnitude. His result was very good, less than 0.1 from the modern value.
The lunar crater Zöllner is named in his honor.
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